Living in the volcanic ash cliff-sides that is now Bandelier National Monument seems so romantic when sitting inside a cave on a beautiful warm spring afternoon. The reality, according to the $2 brochure, was much tougher.
Geologically, ringing the entire area is a 14-mile wide volcanic caldera. Just below that, occupying the middle of the caldera, is a mesa made up of a thick layer of compressed volcanic ash, called tuff, 1000s of feet thick. The tiny Frijoles Creek carved out the impressive canyon through the middle of the tuff layer leaving behind the steep white and pink cliffs.
As early as 11,000 years ago, people known as the Ancestral Pueblo people, lived in the Frijoles Canyon. At first, they migrated in and out of the canyon, however, they eventually put down roots and built a settlement, farmed maize, practiced their religion, and developed a culture. Besides the incredible cliff dwellings, they built a circle of buildings on the canyon floor. In its heyday during the 1400s, the canyon settlement numbered 550. Life was harsh with life expectancy averaging only 35 years. They just disappeared some 450 years ago.
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