FXB Consortium Meeting: Making the Public Health Case for Reparations, March, 2024. | |
The following represents solely my own views and does not necessarily represent the views of the institution.
Dear Colleagues,
This newsletter marks the end of the 2023/2024 academic year and a chance to communicate with all of you. Before your summer plans are in full gear, I hope you can take some time to catch up with us. It has been a difficult year, but I will come to that. First, let me remind all of us of the great work done since I wrote last in December.
There is one key staff update: We said good-bye to Natalia Linos who ended her tenure as FXB’s Executive Director in May to return to the United Nations after about 4 years. Many of the connections Natalia built – regarding the climate crisis, the indigenous and more - will continue, and she will remain connected to the School and FXB.
FXB has been busy. In the spring, on April 5, the Roma program celebrated International Roma Day with its 12th Conference, titled “Confronting State Violence across the Globe.” Roma Program Director Magda Matache brought together special guests from around the world for talks, panel discussions, and music, all in tribute to the resilience and tenacity of the Roma people. You can see it here. Among the guests were Suraj Milind Yengde, a Dalit scholar activist, and Cornell West, public intellectual and US presidential candidate, both longtime friends of the Roma Program. The Roma program connects the impact of racism around the globe. Suraj remarked how the photos of Roma settlements in Europe (Italy!) resemble the slums of Mumbai.
What we have called the “Greek Program," led by Jacqueline Bhabha and focusing on distressed or forced migration in the Americas as well as the Mediterranean basin, completed several research reports, and one is forthcoming soon from the Roma program. You can find these here.
In her remarks for the Conference, Magda invoked Judith Butler’s phrase “ungrievable lives.” The same phrase was used by Dr. Tanisha Spratt, Senior Lecturer in Racism and Health at King’s College, London in her talk to FXB. Dr. Spratt also spent time with the FXB scholars whose work focuses on structural racism. This coming year will be the 4th and final year that they spend as FXB fellows as they continue to complete and publish their work. Before leaving to take up his new position as a tenure track assistant professor at the University of Hawaii, Jake Sumibcay did an analysis to show how excess COVID mortality among Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders became invisible when this group was subsumed in the category “Asian/Pacific Islander.” Similarly to American Indian/Alaska Natives, another small population, this group is often overlooked.
Interconnections characterize human rights. The 1948 Universal Declaration stressed the interdependence of all human rights (civil, political, economic, social, and cultural), declaring all inherent in the human person. To return to the full quote from Judith Butler,
"One way of posing the question of who “we” are in these times of war is by asking whose lives are considered valuable, whose lives are mourned, and whose lives are considered ungrievable. An ungrievable life is one that cannot be mourned because it has never lived, that is, it has never counted as a life at all. We can see the division of the globe into grievable and ungrievable lives…”
This is a very gloomy framing, but how else can we understand the continued loss of life, on sea and on land, by bullets, by bombs, and by manufactured neglect? May 25 is a date that has long marked the founding of the Organization of African Unity, which coordinated Africa’s fight against colonialism. It now marks the anniversary of George Floyd’s murder four years ago. In each of the years since his death, the number of police-involved killings has risen, and those who die remain more often Black men, who also are more often unarmed.
As the death toll in Gaza continues to rise, the Palestine Program for Health and Human Rights has worked very hard to ensure the lives of Palestinian civilians and children are countable lives. The program has organized a number of webinars. You can find many of these here. Topics include issues of genocide, the destruction of civilian infrastructure, including hospitals, and the use of mass starvation as a weapon of war. The Palestine program has also used publicly available data to chart the damage to civilian infrastructure, including hospitals, now working its way through peer review. With Eric Reinhart I wrote a comment in The Nation on the silence of US medical organizations and institutions regarding the destruction of Gaza’s health system and the deaths and detention of health workers.
Courts have been called into action that many outside of human rights circles have never heard of before this conflict. At the International Court of Justice (ICJ) South Africa charged Israel with genocide for its actions in Gaza (both nations are signatory to the Genocide Convention) and the court ruled the charge plausible. Most recently, it ordered the end of the Rafah assault, which Israel has continued. The International Criminal Court, which can pursue individuals for war crimes and to which neither the US nor Israel are party, has issued arrest warrants for leaders of Hamas and Israel.
Summer activities will continue. The Palestine Program’s Social Medicine course, in collaboration with Birzeit University, has moved to Jordan because of the security situation. The summer course on Migration and Refugee Studies in Greece also continues, focused on forced migration in the Mediterranean Basin. It is led by Professor Bhabha and Dr. Vasileia Digidiki.
I began by acknowledging that the first half of 2024 has been difficult, and the rest of the year seems likely to continue to be difficult, maybe increasingly so. Claudine Gay resigned as President, making her the first person of African descent and the second woman to lead Harvard, and the President with the shortest tenure in University history. She used an essay in the New York Times to reflect on this experience. The University faces a sweeping lawsuit brought by several Harvard students that charges the University with widespread antisemitism. We now begin our webinars with disclaimers to make clear that our guests do not speak for the University. Fewer statements will come from the University leadership in comment on the events of our world.
In contrast, student activism is on the rise. A two-week peaceful encampment in Harvard Yard protested the Israeli war on Gaza, calling for transparency in Harvard’s investment portfolio and for divestment of investments in Israel, among other demands. Punishments following the peaceful, voluntary end of the encampment kept 13 seniors from receiving their degrees last month, a level of punitive action for student protests not seen since the 1960s. Days before graduation, the Corporation set aside the Faculty Council vote to place these students on the roster of graduates and a letter signed by hundreds of faculty members calling on a less punitive response, in keeping with recent precedent (a smaller number of faculty signed a letter calling for a punitive response.) Some 1,000 students walked out of the graduation ceremony in protest. Readers may find interesting the view of Michael Roth, the President of Wesleyan University.
For years a quote has hung in my office and these days I have found myself reflecting on it often. It reads “The hottest places in hell are reserved for those who, in times of great moral crisis, maintain their neutrality,” attributed to Dante in the 14h century. Here at FXB, our guidepost will remain the values outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights now over 75 years ago. It remains a wonderful document, still aspirational, and begins: “all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.” It is worth taking a look. It even includes (in article 24) the right to rest, leisure, and paid time off work.
I wish everyone a restful and rejuvenating summer!
Mary T. Bassett, MD, MPH
Director of the François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights
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Year-end summaries, moments that mark rites of passage, are supposed to be upbeat. The plethora of speeches I’ve heard in the past weeks attest to that – they ring out with optimistic exhortations and celebratory congratulations. Even Justice Sotomayor, who last week received the Radcliffe medal – the highest honor the legendary Radcliffe Institute at Harvard can bestow on a public figure – troubled as she is by her court’s ending of the constitutional right to abortion among other regressive decisions, urged us all to get up and fight on.
Though I share the desire to impart both optimism and congratulations, I find it hard to capture an upbeat mood at this moment. Yes, over the past academic year, my students have learnt well and thought deeply, many performing way beyond my expectations by winning prizes and securing terrific future positions that promise social justice contributions and other rewarding opportunities. One will continue in her work supporting the human rights of children born and now trapped in oppressive camps in Northern Syria because of their parents’ former affiliation with ISIS; another will return to India to work on increasing government attention to the needs of children of incarcerated mothers; yet another will build an NGO that assists refugees rescued at sea as they seek a life of safety and freedom. And yes, our research and seminars on the consequences of detention for the health of migrant children, on the growing impact of anthropogenic climate change on health and human rights, on the importance of solidarity between local residents and those newly arrived in migration destinations, and on the use of starvation as a war crime continue to influence public thinking and debate.
But this has been a year where the FXB’s mission to further the protection of health and human rights has been sorely tested. We are now into the third year of war in Ukraine, with huge numbers of casualties, among both soldiers and civilians, as normal life is completely disrupted without an end in sight. Experts speak of acute mental health impacts, including among the millions of children uncertain about their future, impacts likely to endure for a lifetime. Devastating conflict in Sudan and growing starvation in the region threaten the lives of almost 25 million people. It has been a year where normally arcane areas of international humanitarian law – the distinction between war crimes and genocide – and of US constitutional law – what constitutes free speech, what justifies interfering with the right to demonstrate – have become daily points of acute contestation in our immediate surroundings. There is now a growing consensus, including among human rights experts like Aryeh Neier, founder of Human Rights Watch who for months disagreed with the use of the term “genocide” to describe Israeli violence in Gaza, that this is indeed what we are witnessing unfolding in Gaza. Every day the violation of the right to health and to non-discriminatory access to basic human rights vitiates the life chances of hundreds of thousands of children and their families, trapped in what is now a ravaged site of utter destruction. Meanwhile Israeli families are rightly and increasingly desperate about securing the return of their kidnapped relatives. Small wonder, then, that many of our students – our hopes for the future, who we train to be engaged with health and human rights issues, not just in the classroom but in the world around them – chose to put their future careers on the line by demonstrating in Harvard Yard, at the nerve center of our University, to show their deep solidarity with the struggle for a ceasefire in Gaza. Small wonder that they asserted their rights to peacefully but forcefully speak and to congregate, despite harsh disciplinary measures.
As I anticipate a hot summer with ongoing bloodshed and increasing starvation in several parts of the world, I resolve to follow Justice Sotomayor’s call to get up and fight on. At FXB we will do that by continuing our two summer programs, one in Greece focused on refugees and distress migrants, the other in Jordan focused on Palestinian Health and Human Rights – courses where we implement our core beliefs in both the individisibility of health and human rights, and the imperative to combine theory and practice in our pedagogy. We are fortunate to have brilliant, hard-working, and compassionate students who we hope will learn over the course of their weeks together, from their teachers, from the activists they will meet, and from their peers, just how important and difficult it is to further the health and human rights of all, irrespective of their legal, national or political status.
Jacqueline Bhabha, JD, MSc
François-Xavier Bagnoud Center Director of Research
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Medical Humanitarian Visits: Potential and Limitations in Gaza | |
Health and Human Rights Journal
Celebrates 30 Years
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This year Health and Human Rights celebrates 30 years of publication. As founding editor Jonathan Mann wrote in his introduction to the first issue in 1994, “Only with the passage of several years will this newborn’s relationship to the intellectual and pragmatic work of the world become evident.” Accordingly, the Journal will be publishing commentaries from health and human rights leaders on specific papers from the first volumes – to reflect on what was the nascent field of health and human rights, to comment on subsequent developments, to consider the relevance of the early papers to our present context, and to muse on the future of health and human rights.
This collection of commentaries will commence in our June 2024 issue. We anticipate it will provide an overview of the evolution of health and human rights scholarship and its contribution to the development of both law and practice in achieving greater equity in global health. In their editorial, Joseph J. Amon and Carmel Williams introduce commentaries by Sofia Gruskin, Stephen Marks, Lawrence Gostin and Eric Friedman, Sharifah Sekalala and Kene Esom, and the current UN Special Rapporteur on the right to health, Tlaleng Mofokeng, and draw on the journal’s archives to illustrate the advances made in operationalising the right to health since 1994. The journal is now open to further commentaries on the current state of the right to health and how far – or how little – we have advanced since our early volumes.
The Journal has been providing a platform for scholarly research and opinion on Palestine, and recently the present crisis in Gaza. The December 2022 issue had a Special Section: Settler Colonialism, Structural Racism, and the Palestinian Right to Health (edited by Yara Asi, Weeam Hammoudeh, David Mills, Osama Tanous, and Bram Wispelwey), and over the past four months has published Viewpoints and blogs which have encouraged people working in public health to take action and call for immediate ceasefire. As Raquel Selcer and Sanjna L. Surya conclude in their Viewpoint “The fight is not just for a ceasefire but for the liberation, dignity, and ultimately the health of Palestinians and all oppressed people everywhere.”
The Journal welcomes full papers, essays, viewpoints, and blogs at all times. See submission details here.
Photo caption: Photo of mural depicting woman pointing in two directions. This photo accompanied the paper "Building a Progressive Reproductive Law in South Africa. Photo credit: Donrich Thaldar.
| | Photo caption: Past printe issues of the Health and Human Rights Journal, courtesy of Carmel Williams. | |
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Palestine Program for Health and Human Rights
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'Nowhere and no one is safe’:
Spatial analysis of damage to critical civilian infrastructure in the Gaza Strip during the first phase of the Israeli military campaign, 7 October to 22 November 2023
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A new study published in Conflict and Health reveals that more than half of healthcare, education, and water facilities were damaged by Israeli attacks between October 7th and November 22nd, 2023, across all five governorates in the Gaza Strip, according to researchers at Harvard University and their collaborators.
Using high-resolution satellite radar imagery to evaluate damage and open-source data maps to identify health, education, and water facilities, the authors used spatial analysis to overlap the damage affecting health, education and water facilities throughout the Gaza Strip during the study period. While these results support prior reports, this new study provides additional evidence for the determination of war crimes and other violations of international law. Read the press release.
Image: Map of health, education, and water facilities overlaying cumulative damage, with an inset map in Gaza City, and the corresponding areas of damage for each facility type within each radial buffer across the Gaza Strip.
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Palestine Health Research Fund
The Palestine Health Research Fund supports Birzeit and Harvard students and faculty to undertake research aimed at elucidating the structural and social determinants of health through grant and stipend support. Applications for stipend support are accepted on a rolling basis.
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Revisit the 12th Roma Conference at Harvard:
Confronting State Violence Across the Globe
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The annual Roma conference at Harvard has been established as a forum for presenting research and discussion concerning anti-Roma racism, its genesis, history, pillars, and manifestations. It seeks to advance the collection of Roma-related data and the improvement of research methods and practice-oriented research to inform the development of histories, policies, and practices centered on the Roma people. The Harvard Roma conference also seeks to place and co-center the Roma people in global conversations on anti-racism, justice-based policies and laws, and solidarity.
In light of this year’s circumstances, we decided to broaden the scope of the conference once again and have conversations about injustice everywhere and a dialogue not only on the many forms violence can take, ranging from healthcare access and discrimination, polluted land, forced evictions, psychic violence and identity annexation, but also on the tools of resistance and the role each of us can play.
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Shortly after this year's Roma Conference, FXB Roma Program Director Margareta Matache, PhD, was interviewed by Teen Vogue on the Roma people's history of persecution, displacement, and resistance. The interview was published on April 8, 2024 in commemoration of International Roma Day. You can read it in full below: | |
Youth as Climate and Health Advocates | |
The FXB Climate Advocates program recently concluded its spring 2024 cohort, which brought together 100 youth advocates from more than 40 countries. We were especially pleased and gratified to have welcomed participants for the first time ever from Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, France, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, and Lebanon. Participants learned about climate science, its impacts, global policy, and implications for health while honing lobbying, digital storytelling, and project design skills. Importantly, every program participant was required to develop a climate action initiative focused on increasing climate literacy, mitigating climate change, and enhancing climate resilience in their own communities. We were both impressed and inspired by the creativity and quality of projects this Spring.
Anorld Tsvigu, a 25-year-old from Zimbabwe, has been spearheading the Beekeeping for Climate Resilience project which involves establishing and maintaining beehives. For his FXB Climate Advocates program project, he educated youth on sustainable beekeeping for livelihoods and promoted awareness among community members of bees' vital ecological role. Moving forward, Anorld is working towards organic and climate-friendly certification for the honey, aiming to enhance its value in international markets and highlight the efforts and resilience of local beekeepers and the project team.
Dossiya Dakou, a 22-year-old from Benin, is a shining example of the impact of the FXB Climate Advocates program. Having grown up in rural areas without electricity during his early schooling, he is driven by the mission to address this challenge for over one million students in Benin. For his FXB Climate Advocates project, he developed a Solar Smart Generator to provide access to quality, low-cost, eco-friendly energy for rural schools. For his next steps, Dossiya will partner with 5 schools in his community to utilize the Solar Smart Generator he has developed.
We look forward to welcoming a new cohort of advocates to our Summer 2024 FXB Climate Advocates program. The Summer 2024 cohort will take place from July 9-26, 2024. Applications are due on June 10th.
Learn more and apply here: https://www.fxbclimateadvocates.org/apply
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Distress Migration Program: Recent FXB Reports | |
Study Contributors: Sridhar, S., Digidiki, V., Kunichoff D., Bhabha, J., Sullivan, M., Gartland, MG., 2024. FXB Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard University, Boston and MGH Asylum Clinic at the Center for Global Health.
Violating basic children’s rights, the US continues to detain children for lengthy and arbitrary periods of time, placing them in detention facilities unsuitable for child health and safety. This report found that existing health issues and care needs relating to physical and mental health were under-identified due to poor screening and minimal documentation of medical care, resulting in fragmentated and inadequate medical care. Read the press release.
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Study Contributors: Digidiki, V., Bhabha, J., Markowska-Manista, U. & Dobkowska, J., 2024. FXB Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard University, Boston, USA.
This preliminary empirical study’s goals are to document the factors that generate local solidarity and examine whether generous, well implemented state policies fueled by state actors’ preemptive attention to predictable needs can protect local communities from fatigue, and instead sustain solidarity and social inclusion of distress migrants over time.
Read the press release.
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Study Contributors: Kelly, T., Campbell A., Young, J., McLeod, K., Bhabha, J., Pearce, L., Southalan, L., Borschmann, R., Ratnam Raman, V., Kinner, S., 2024. Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Justice Health Group at Curtin University, François-Xavier Bagnoud (FXB) Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard University.
The aim of this report is to identify gaps in the system and assist the United Nations Task Force (UNTF) in its efforts to support the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and ensure that all children, including those deprived of their liberty in all settings, achieve the highest attainable standard of health.
Read the press release.
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Book Corner: Recent books by FXB affiliates | |
How War Kills: The Overlooked Threats to Our Health, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2024.
Author: Yara M. Asi, PhD, FXB Visiting Scientist, Palestine Program for Health & Human Rights Leadership Collective
"Thanks to our increasingly connected world, we can now witness the worst manifestations of war in ways we never could before. This makes it easier than ever to recognize dangerous conflicts as a threat to health and well-being. Drawing on data and stories from around the world, Asi breaks down the complex mechanics of war and how they impact human security."
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Epidemiology and the People’s Health: Theory and Context, Second Edition, Oxford Academic, 2024.
Author: Nancy Krieger, PhD, MS, FXB Faculty Affiliate
"A thoroughly updated and revised second edition of this book about theories of disease distribution, in past and present societal and ecological context, given the dynamic nature of the lived realities—and ideas, data, and disinformation about—the people’s health."
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Sorry for the Inconvenience But This Is an Emergency: The Nonviolent Struggle for Our Planet’s Future, Hurst, 2024.
Author: Lynne Jones, OBE, FRCPsych, PhD, FXB Affiliate
"As floods and fires rage across the planet, ever more people are embracing nonviolent action to achieve political change. Can it work?Doctor and aid worker Lynne Jones offers a compelling, ground-level account of the last five years of UK protests, exploring how and why ordinary citizens have adopted extraordinary methods to confront the climate and nature crises."
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A PLAN for Race-Conscious Medicine in Pediatrics
Pediatrics, February 21, Marie V. Plaisime (Co-Author)
Drawing from critical race theory, race-conscious medicine calls for attention to racism rather than race as a determinant of illness and health. Medicine has progressed toward race consciousness by recognizing racist practices in prevailing estimations of kidney function and responding to activist calls for the removal of race from the equation, removing race as a risk factor for vaginal birth after Cesarean delivery and pediatric urinary tract infections, and promoting policy reforms to advance racial justice and health equity. Racialized health inequities persist because of how structural racism shapes discriminatory policies and actions of individuals to harm the health of racially oppressed groups (ie, groups that have been systematically denied services and power by laws and policies). In pediatrics, these inequities are especially pronounced across birth weight, asthma, diabetes, justice involvement, and firearm injury. As discussions shift from race to racism, questions remain on how to implement race-conscious medicine in clinical practice.
In this article, the authors respond to the need for practicable tools by introducing the PLAN acronym (Pay attention, Listen to patient narratives, Advocate for equitable outcomes, and Name racist institutions and structures) as a method to mitigate racialized health inequities in pediatric medicine. The article presents 2 real cases in which racialized care biases emerged and consider how the PLAN approach can promote racial justice and health equity. Read the full article here.
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Recent FXB Center Writing in Peer-Reviewed Publications
June 2024
May 2024
April 2024
March 2024
February 2024
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“27: Garbage In, Garbage Out: Examining How Maternal Health Data Tools Misuse Race,” The Practical Playbook III: Working Together to Improve Maternal Health, Edited by Dorothy Cilenti, Alisahah Jackson, Natalie D. Hernandez, Lindsey Yates, Sarah Verbiest, J. Lloyd Michener, and Brian C. Castrucci, Oxford University Press, 2024, Marie V. Plaisime (Chapter Author)
January 2024
December 2023
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Watch FXB Director
Mary T. Bassett on RadicalMedia documentary series
The Invisible Shield, a new four-part documentary series from RadicalMedia made possible by Bloomberg Philanthropies, reveals how the field of public health has saved countless lives in the U.S., protecting people from the constant threat of disease and increasing lifespans. The series explores the hidden public health infrastructure that makes modern life possible. It highlights the thousands of unsung heroes — physicians, nurses, scientists, activists, reformers, engineers, and government officials — who work together to improve health outcomes, from the days of cholera and smallpox through the most recent battle with COVID-19.
The series premiered on Tuesday, March 26, 2024 on PBS, with all four episodes available for streaming on PBS.org and the PBS App. Dr. Bassett is featured in the fourth episode titled "The New Playbook." For more on the documentary series, click here.
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Commentary: Response to migrant family health requires more urgency, collaboration (Margaret Sullivan co-authored, Boston Business Journal, March 7, 2024)
"Effectively addressing the urgent health needs currently facing migrant families requires cross-sector collaboration and access to basic needs such as safe shelter. When we work together to repair fragmented and inequitable systems with collaborative partnerships, we all thrive." Read the full article here.
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June 2024
May 2024
April 2024
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The War on Health in Gaza (Paper published by Palestine Program for Health and Human Rights Leadership Collective referenced, Dissent, April 12, 2024)
March 2024
February 2024
January 2024
December 2023
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Our website is migrating!
Please note that the FXB Center's website will be migrating to a new platform over the summer and the events function will become temporarily unavailable. Event recordings will still be available for viewing on our YouTube channel here.
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Pediatric Health Care in Immigration Detention: A Call for Policy Change and Child Rights
On Thursday, May 2, 2024 the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights hosted a virtual conversation to discuss and contextualize the key findings in the January 2024 report "Child Migrants in Family Immigration Detention in the US: An Examination of Current Pediatric Care Standards and Practices." Watch here
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A Looming Famine: Starvation in Gaza
On Tuesday, April 30, 2024 the Palestine Program for Health and Human Rights hosted a virtual conversation about the starvation of civilians in the Gaza Strip. According to the Human Rights Watch, Israeli forces at the time were deliberately blocking the delivery of water, food, and fuel, and using starvation of civilians as a method of warfare in Gaza which is a war crime according to international law. Watch here
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Gaza: A perspective on children in war zones
On Tuesday, April 16, 2024 the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard University hosted a virtual conversation with Dr. Jennifer Leaning, senior fellow at the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights and Professor of the Practice of Health and Human Rights at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, on the effect and impact of war and conflict on children across conflict zones. The webinar touched on the intensity, means of death, and international community response to the effect of war on Gaza’s children at the time of the event. Watch here
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Making a Health Case for Reparations in Boston
On Monday, March 25 The Studio at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights jointly presented an event that brought together Boston City Councilor At-Large Julia Mejia, who pressed for a reparations task force in Boston, and FXB Director and public health scholar Mary T. Bassett. They discussed the basis for reparations, how they could affect health and well-being, how public health research could inform program design, and how Boston’s efforts fit into the national discussion. Watch here
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The South Africa ICJ Genocide Case Against Israel: Implications for Palestinian Health
On Wednesday, February 7, 2024 the FXB Center's Palestine Program for Health and Human Rights hosted a webinar with legal and public health experts to discuss South Africa’s genocide case against Israel at the International Court of Justice (ICJ). This event focused on the connection between Israel’s long-standing attacks on the right to health in Palestine and the crime of genocide. Watch here
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A Conversation with Dr. Ghassan Abu-Sittah
On Monday, December 11, 2023 the Palestine Program for Health and Human Rights hosted a webinar with Dr. Ghassan Abu-Sittah in conversation with Dr. Omar Dewachi. Dr. Abu-Sittah is a British-Palestinian plastic and reconstructive surgeon who had spent several weeks right before the webinar working in hospitals in northern Gaza and shared a first-hand account of his experience caring for patients during the Israeli bombardment of Gaza. Watch here
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The François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights (FXB Center) is a university-wide Center at Harvard University founded and endowed in 1993 by
Albina du Boisrouvray with the support of FXB International.
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