The medical model, the social model, and the holistic model are three different ways of framing disability.
Most people outside of the disability community think of disability within the framework of the medical model -- where someone with a disability is thought to have an “impairment” that should be “fixed” so they can be as “normal” as possible. This casts disability in a very negative light and leaves little room for people with disabilities to feel pride in their identity as a person with a disability.
The social model of disability proposes that disability is caused not by a person’s body or diagnosis, but by the way society is designed and organized. This places no judgment on the person with a disability and instead recognizes that societal barriers are the problem to be fixed. If a person who is paraplegic can’t access a restaurant, it is not their paraplegia or their wheelchair that is the barrier – the lack of a ramp is the barrier. This shift in attitude creates an environment where people with disabilities are accepted as equal and valued members of society.
However, the social model was originally designed to describe the experiences of people with mobility and sensory disabilities and is not fully inclusive of other types of disability, such as chronic illnesses. The holistic model of disability is intended to capture the full complexity of the disability experience. The holistic model of disability proposes that disability may be caused only by a person’s difference, only by their interaction with society, or by both their difference and society in combination. Under the holistic model, people with disabilities can freely choose therapies and medical treatments that support their needs and goals.
The shift from a perspective of mere awareness of disability to full acceptance of people with disabilities requires society to take responsibility for creating accessible and inclusive communities.
