From 1984 to 2019, thirteen Jewish American astronauts have travelled to space, and one Israeli Jew has been aboard an American space mission. As a member of the Challenger mission in 1984, Judith Resnik became the first Jewish American and first Jewish woman in space. She died in the Challenger disaster as the rocket ship attempted reentry on January 28, 1986. A year after Resnick went into space, in 1985, Jeffrey A. Hoffman became the first Jewish American male astronaut. He served on a total of five missions. Ilan Ramon became the first Israeli astronaut in 2003. He was part of the mission aboard the Columbia, and along with his crew mates died on reentry on February 1, 2003. Most recently, Jessica Meir, for her third space mission, was a member of the first all-female space walk on September 25, 2019.

List of Jewish American Astronauts (in order of service)

Judith Resnick (1984) John Grunsfeld (1995)

Jeffery Hoffman (1985) Scott Horowitz (1996)

Ellen Baker (1989) Mark L. Polansky (2001)

Marsha Ivins (1990) Garrett Reisman (2008)

Jerome Apt (1991) Gregory Chamitoff (2008)

David Wolf (1993) Jessica Meir (2019)

Martin J. Fettman (1993)

Sources: 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_astronauts

https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-arab-astronauts-blast-off-for-international-space-station/

https://www.nasa.gov/astronauts