From a study of 280 children with functional constipation (and failure of conventional therapy) with/without fecal incontinence who underwent CM and/or ARM it appears that for those children without fecal incontinence, colonic manometry alone predicts response to therapy (and anorectal manometry is of little added benefit). Children with functional constipation and a normal CM and ARM respond more poorly to therapy.

If your baby has a heart problem called the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), your child's doctor may recommend a procedure to fix it called a Patent Ductus Arteriosus Occulusion. This animation was developed by The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital.

Elbow stiffness is a common problem after elbow trauma (and may occur with/following numerous other conditions). Non-operative and operative options are available for treatment.

“Elbow arthrolysis involves the surgical release of all soft tissues that interfere with full range of motion in the elbow joint” and is recommended for patients who cannot bend their elbows up to 130 degrees (or straighten more than 30 degrees) and for those who cannot rotate their elbow joint more than 45 degrees (in both directions). A hinged external fixator of the elbow provides stable fixation of the joint while maintaining the range of its motion.

“Open arthrolysis is used for treating elbow stiffness in adults.” A retrospective study of 31 children/adolescents (6-19 years of age) with post-traumatic elbow stiffness analyzed (over >4 years) post-operative complications and outcomes.

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“A brain is a network of a large number of different brain regions that each have their own task and function. Functional connectivity is defined as the temporal dependency of neuronal activation patterns between anatomically separated brain regions…” and can be assessed by measuring simultaneous levels of neuronal co-activation (utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging – fcMRI).

“ADHD is among the most common child-onset neurodevelopmental disorders in the world with an estimated prevalence of 5-10%.” Clinical diagnosis is typically dependent on a variety of cognitive, emotional and motor process measurements utilizing a standardized scale with diagnosis further categorized into several subtypes. Its neurobiological basis appears highly heritable (60-75%; males > females) and involves dopaminergic pathways. To date most evidence suggests that individuals with ADHD have alterations in frontostriatal circuity. The role of the corticothalamic network (which relays sensory and motor signals) in ADHD remains unclear.

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A prospective cohort of infants (gestational age 22.3 – 31.9 weeks) who were neurodevelopmentally examined at 2.5 years of age (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development – Bayley III) and at 6.5 years with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale, indicates that while infants may have average test score results at 2.5 years of age, impaired cognition can be demonstrated at 6.5 years (independent risks factors include infants <28 weeks gestation, retinopathy of prematurity and treated persistent ductus arteriosus).