Editor's Note
This review examines how  Hypericum species are used ethnomedicinally in China, to see if ethnobotanical data may help prioritize  Hypericum species and certain phytochemical constituents that may be new drug leads, and consider the focus and lack of the phytopharmacological study on  Hypericum species in China. Among 64  Hypericum  species recorded in China, 30 have been used as ethnomedicines by 15 linguistic groups such as Dai, Dong, Han, Miao, and Mongolian people. Traditional uses in China of Hypericum species are also mirrored in Europe, America, Africa, and other countries in Asia. However, there are some unique ethnomedicinal uses in China. 
Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Hypericum  species have been used traditionally as astringent, antipyretic, diuretic, antiphlogistic, analgesic, and antidepressant in Europe, America, Africa, and Asia. One of the most extensively investigated medicinal herbs,  H. perforatum  L. (St. John's wort), is widely used in many countries to treat mild to moderate mental depression.  Hypericum  species are abundant throughout China, including 30 used as ethnomedicines. There are limited publications describing the ethnobotanical uses and biological activities associated with  Hypericum  species in China. Some reported activities include the treatment of wounds and bruises, irregular menstruation, dysentery, hepatitis, mastitis, jaundice, hemoptysis, and epistaxis.

Aim of the review

This review aims to critically examine how  Hypericum  species are used ethnomedicinally in China, to see if the ethnobotanical data may be useful to help prioritize  Hypericum  species and certain phytochemical constituents that may be new drug leads, and consider the focus and lack of the phytopharmacological study on  Hypericum  species in China.

Materials and methods

Classic medicinal books and ethnomedicinal publications were reviewed for the genus  Hypericum  (called  jin si tao  in Chinese). In addition, relevant information about ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology were from online databases including SciFinder, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). “ Hypericum ”, “金丝桃”, “ethnobotany”, “traditional use”, “ethnomedicine”, “phytochemistry”, “pharmacology” and “bioactivity” were used as keywords when searching the databases. Thus, available articles from 1959 to 2019 were collected and analyzed.

Results

Among 64  Hypericum  species recorded in China, 30 have been used as ethnomedicines by 15 linguistic groups such as Dai, Dong, Han, Miao, and Mongolian people.  Hypericum  species in China possess traditional uses which are also mirrored in Europe, America, Africa, and other countries in Asia. However, there are some unique ethnomedicinal uses in China. For example, several  Hypericum  species are used as a local remedy in southwest China, and  H. attenuatum  Fisch. ex Choisy is used to treat cardiac disorders in northeast China. Antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antidepressant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and antiviral activities have been reported in numerous biological studies. The main phytochemical constituents in  Hypericum  consist of phloroglucinols, naphthodianthrones, xanthones, flavonoids, and terpenoids.

Conclusions

There is a rich traditional knowledge regarding the ethnomedicinal uses of  Hypericum  species in China. Through phytochemical and pharmacological studies, several medicinal  Hypericum  from China have yielded many bioactive phytochemicals, possessing antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective properties.  Hypericum  species from China are potential sources of drugs to fight cancer and other chronic diseases. Remarkably, nearly half of  Hypericum  species in China have rarely been studied, and their ethnomedicinal potential have not been scientifically evaluated. Thus,  in vitro  mechanistic studies,  in vivo  pharmacology, and clinical efficacy are all needed, prioritizing those studies that relate most closely with their traditional uses. In addition, a comprehensive plant-resource evaluation, quality control, and toxicology studies are needed.

Graphical abstract
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