Settlers in New England highlighted the conflict between those motivated by
greed and those motivated by the
gospel.
Greed-motivated settlers viewed natives as an unpredictable danger obstructing safe expansion, as they would sometimes steal from farms or kidnap women and children.
Compared to peoples of Europe, Asia, India, North Africa, and the Middle East, natives of North America subsisted primitively, without the ability to read or write, smelt bronze or iron, or invent a wheel.
The Indians' dilemma was that they desired to trade with colonists, but grew in their dependency and resented encroachment on their lands.
This erupted into the Pequot War of 1637.
In contrast to greed motivated settlers were the gospel motivated settlers.
Gospel-motivated settlers included:
Missionary
Richard Bourne (1610-1682), who sought fair treatment for the Indians and worked for 20 years to secure for them protected reservation land at Mashpee.
A historical marker reads:
"Burying Hill, site of the First Meeting House for Indians in Plymouth Colony, established by
Richard Bourne and Thomas Tupper, soon after their settlement in Sandwich, 1637.
By their influence peace was preserved throughout the Cape during the perilous times of Indian warfare."
Another Gospel-motivated setter was Missionary
John Eliot.
He was called "Apostle to the Indians."
John Eliot was baptized in England as an infant on AUGUST 5, 1604.
He sailed to America and preached his first sermon in the Algonquian language in 1646.
Eliot printed the first book in North America - the
Bay Psalm Book.
Eliot translated the Lord's Prayer, the Ten Commandments, and the Bible - the first to be printed in America, in 1663.
A Massachusetts historical marker reads:
"John Eliot established here in 1651 a village of Christian Indians called Hassanamesit - 'at a place of small stones.' It was the home of James the Printer who helped Eliot to print the Indian Bible."
Another historical marker reads:
"In reverent Memory of
John Eliot,
Born in England 1604,
Died in Roxbury, 1690,
Lover of God, Lover of Men,
Seeker of the
Christian Commonwealth,
Who in this spot preached
to his friends the Indians
in their own tongue
the mercies and the laws
of The Eternal."
Eliot wrote:
"The Word of God is the perfect System of Laws to guide all moral actions of man."
In a 1674 census, there were 4,000 "Praying Indians" in 14 self-ruling villages.
Villages were complete with houses, streets, bridges, and their own ministers.
A marker reads:
"Indian Village Pakachoag,
One-half mile up Malvern Road is the Indian Spring and the site of the Indian Village Pakachoag- Clear Spring.
One of three Indian villages on Worchester ground. John Eliot preached here in 1674."
"Praying Indian" villages were located throughout Massachusetts, Martha's Vineyard and Rhode Island.
A marker reads:
"Ponkapoag Plantation, The north line of Ponkapoag Plantation, second of the Apostle Eliot's Praying Indian towns set apart by the Dorchester Proprietors in 1657."
Another marker reads:
"Chaubunagungamaug, site of Praying Indian town established by John Eliot and Daniel Gookin in 1674 and known as Chaubunagungamaug."
In
A Brief Narrative, July 20, 1670,
John Eliot wrote:
"These Indians being of kin to our Massachusett Indians ... received amongst them the light and love of the Truth ...
On a day of Fasting and Prayer, Elders were ordained ...
... The Teacher of the Praying Indians of Nantucket, with a Brother ... who made good Confessions of Jesus Christ ... did make report that there be about ninety families who pray unto God in that island, so effectual is the Light of the Gospel."
A historical marker reads:
"Indian Meeting House
On this site, John Eliot helped his Indian converts to build their first meeting house in 1651, with a 'Prophet's Chamber' where he lodged on his fortnightly visits to preach to them in their own language.
His disciple Daniel Takawambait succeeded to the Pastoral office in 1698."
Daniel Takawambpait was New England's first Indian minister, ordained in Natick, Massachusetts, in 1681.
Boston 's
John Eliot Square is by the intersection of Dudley, Bartlett, Centre, Roxbury and Highland Streets.
Get the book The Original 13-A Documentary History of Religion in America's First Thirteen States
Sadly, after the death of Pilgrim leader
William Bradford in 1657 and the death of Wampanoag chief
Massasoit in 1661, tensions arose between the settlers and the Indians.
In 1675, Massasoit's son was known as chief or
"King" Philip.
He was upset over settlers' livestock grazing on wild Indian crops and the increased encroachment on Indian lands.
The new Plymouth Colony Governor, Josiah Winslow, did nothing to appease the concerns of chief "King" Phillip.
As a result, Indian warriors attacked more than half of New England's 90 towns.
A marker reads: "Sudbury Fight, one-quarter mile north took place the Sudbury Fight with King Philip's Indians on April 21, 1676. Captain Samuel Wadsworth fell with twenty-eight of his men. Their monument stands in the burying ground."
Another marker reads:
"Mendon's First Meeting House, built 1658, destroyed by King Philip's warriors at the burning of the town 1676. Rev. Joseph Emerson - its only minister, ancestor of Ralph Waldo Emerson."
During King Philip's War from 1675 to 1678, over 800 settlers died, 1,200 homes burned, 8,000 cattle lost, and the entire English population of 52,000 in Massachusetts and Rhode Island was threatened to be driven back to the coast.
A marker reads:
"Redemption Rock, Upon the rock fifty feet west of this spot Mary Rowlandson, wife of the first minister of Lancaster, was redeemed from captivity under King Philip.
The narrative of her experience is one of the classics of colonial literature."
Unfortunately, John Eliot's Christian "Praying Indians" were caught in the middle, not being trusted by King Philip's warriors nor by panicking colonists.
As a results, many tragically died.
A marker reads:
"Praying Indians Lived Here ... John Eliot converted Indians, including Tahattawan, to Christianity.
In 1654, during King Philip's War, Praying Indians were accused of mischief, rounded up and marched to Deer Island in Boston Harbor where many died.
Survivors were released in 1677, but only a few returned, including Sarah Doublet. They were given 500 acres called New Town.
Sarah Doublet died in 1730, the last Praying Indian. In 1714, Nashoba became Littleton."
A small remnant of the Christian Wampanoag continued, with "Blind" Joe Amos bringing the Baptist faith to the Mashpee Wampanoag tribe in the 1830's.
Mwalim Peters, a researcher of Mashpee Wampanoag history, stated that Rev. Amos "knew the entire King James Bible by heart and could recite it in both English and Wampanoag."
Peters noted that Rev. Amos:
"... preached under the shade of a large oak tree every Sunday throughout the seasons."
He was joined by Rev. William Apes, an itinerant Pequot minister adopted by the Mashpee Wampanoag tribe.
The pastor of Mashpee Baptist Church from 2007 till his death in 2014 was Rev. Curtis W. Frye, Jr., a great-great-great-grandson of Rev. Blind Joe Amos.
When the Old Indian Meetinghouse was refurbished and used by the church, Rev. Frye stated:
"Being able to perform a wedding there, or a funeral or a service, being able to follow in the footsteps of Blind Joe Amos and Reverend Apes, every time I do a service there to me it brings home a lot of feelings, a flood of feelings ...
It is so original, so close to the way it was back when they were preaching ... It is a very special atmosphere inside that building."
Rev. Frye had stated:
"Blind Joe was one of the preachers who brought the gospel to the Wampanoag people ... We are still here and we are still doing what Blind Joe did, and that's preach the word of God."
American Minute-Notable Events of American Significance Remembered on the Date They Occurred
