Issue 10 - Political Consequences & Revolutions
Contents


1917 brought with it tremendous change in the war, and in society itself.

After devastating defeats and growing opposition in the form of riots and strikes, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was forced to abdicate and a series of revolutions followed. Germany had entered the Great War with the expectation of a short conflict and a decisive victory, but the Western Front came to a stalemate and the German army suffered devastating casualties, low morale and a lack of supplies - leading some fighting men to rebel. France, similarly fatigued with war, dealt with its own mutinies. Revolt rocked the remains of the Ottoman Empire. And opposition to war itself led many conscientious objectors in all nations to refuse to fight.

The war was the beginning of the end for many empires and ushered in a new world, though at a high cost.


 
"The Revolution grew directly out of the war."


- Leon Trotsky,
writing in From October to Brest-Litovsk1919.


BBC History, Article by Dr. Jonathan Smele

Russia signaled its withdrawal from World War I soon after the October Revolution of 1917, and the country turned in on itself with a bloody civil war between the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Guard. This article for BBC by Jonathan Smele charts this turbulent episode in the forging of post-tsarist Russia. Read at bbc.co.uk

Recommended Grade Levels: High School, College, Adult Learners
Format: Online Essay

The Great War YouTube Channel

Food shortages, an overall desolate supply situation and great political turmoil made Russia ripe for revolution 100 years ago, and the people took to the streets. In response, the U.S. adopted a policy of armed neutrality. This video from The Great War Channel outlines the Russian February Revolution of 1917.
Watch on YouTube

Recommended Grade Levels: Middle School, High School, College, Adult Learners
Format: Digital Video (9 1/2 minutes, YouTube)


Mail Call Podcast, Episode 7 & 8

A podcast series created by Villanova University as part of Home Before the Leaves Fall (wwionline.org), Mail Call features readings from primary source letters and news articles. Each episode is approximately 30-50 minutes long and is available in mp3 format to stream or download. Episodes 7 and 8 both focus on Russia in 1917, with Episode 7 taking on the first Russian Revolution (aka the February Revolution), and Episode 8 focusing on the second Russian Revolution (The October Revolution). Visit the Mail Call Podcast Archive

Recommended Grade Levels: Middle School, High School, College, Adult Learners
Format: Digital Audio (mp3)


World War: Choices and Consequences

By 1917, participation in World War I had resulted in disaster for the Tsar's armies and government. The nation's casualties were much higher than those of any other country, and its economy was in shambles. Revolution soon followed, altering the course of the war. From Facing History and Ourselves, this article is part of a larger collection of readings that look into how WWI affected people's attitudes towards war and the value of human life. Read online

Recommended Grade Levels: Middle School, High School, College, Adult Learners
Format: Online Article


Auda_ head chief of Howeitat tribe_ 55 yrs. old_ comes to offer allegiance
A War of Unintended Consequences

This editorial article by James Barr for Al Jazeera English briefly lays out the history of the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire. The author also shows the modern parallels by comparing the British support for Bedouin Arabs in World War I with American special forces actions in Syria in 2016. Read online

Recommended Grade Levels: Middle School, High School, College, Adult Learners
Format: Online Article


Battle for the Arab World

Created in 2003, this website is a companion to the PBS program Lawrence of Arabia, Battle for the Arab World. Though older, this site still includes multiple articles and lesson plans on the Arab Revolt, Bedouin culture and biographies that can be used by a classroom with or without viewing the original television program. View online

Recommended Grade Levels: All Levels
Format: Online Articles, Lesson Plans



 
"Why bargain with the devils [the High Command]? Throw them out. Follow Russia. Purge the world!"


- German Able Seaman Albin Köbes,
as printed the May 1933 issue of The Naval Review. Köbes (sometimes spelled Kobis) was executed for the 1917 mutiny he took part in. Read more about the German Naval mutinies at history.com.


And the History of the First World War

One hundred years after French mutineers shouted, "down with the war!" the legacy of the 1917 mutinies remains. Dr. André Loez presented an eye-opening lecture at the National WWI Museum and Memorial addressing how the mutinies inform and reframe our understanding of World War I. This YouTube video allows the viewer to consider what makes an army put down its weapons,
or continue to fight. View online

Recommended Grade Levels: Middle School, High School, College, Adult Learners
Format: Digital Video (75 minutes, YouTube)


This Day in History

This short article from HISTORY® details the events of Easter Monday, April 24, 1916. A group of Irish nationalists proclaimed the establishment of the Irish Republic and, along with some 1,600 followers, staged a rebellion against the British government in Ireland. The rebels seized prominent buildings in Dublin and clashed with British troops. Within a week, the insurrection had been suppressed and more than 2,000 people were dead or injured. View online

Recommended Grade Levels: All Levels
Format: Online Article


Ireland in World War I

This YouTube video from The Great War Channel looks at Easter 1916, which brought with it a struggle for change in Ireland. The state was struggling with British rule and its own Irish soldiers serving on the Western Front and Gallipoli. Though the armed uprising against the British was unsuccessful, it inspired nationalism that helped to lead to the later establishment of the Irish Republic. View online

Recommended Grade Levels: Middle School, High School, College, Adult Learners
Format: Digital Video (10 1/2 minutes, YouTube)


Home Before the Leaves Fall - wwionline.org

Part of the website Home Before the Leaves Fall (wwionline.org), this short article details the history and experiences of those who refused to fight in the war. When World War I broke out in Europe in 1914, there were immediately dissenters who would not cooperate with the military. In Great Britain and its empire, men were conscripted by the tens of thousands; out of these, approximately 16,000 became conscientious objectors to war. They were often mistreated. Read online

Recommended Grade Levels: Middle School, High School, College, Adult Learners
Format: Online Article with Primary Sources


Remembering Muted Voices - 2017 Symposium

Presented by Tim Dayton of Kansas State University, this lecture on objection to the war in American poetry is highlighted as part of the 2017 Symposium Remembering Muted Voices, which detailed the experiences of those who opposed the First World War. Other lectures from this symposium will be made available in 2018.  View online

Recommended Grade Levels: High School, College, Adult Learners
Format: Digital Video (22 Minutes, YouTube)



The United States World War One Centennial Commission and the National World War I Museum and Memorial are dedicated to educating the public about the causes, events, and consequences of the conflict and we encourage the use of these resources to better understand the Great War and its enduring impact on the global community.


Partners on this project include:

The Pritzker Military Museum and Library is a founding sponsor of the United States World War One Centennial Commission.