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Hilchos Berachos 58 (page 180)
מתחילת סימן נח עד סעיף ב
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The Earliest Time for Reciting Shema in the Morning
The Latest Time for Reciting Shema
Davening Close to Sunrise
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The earliest time for reciting Shema in the morning
The morning
Shema and its accompanying
berachos may be recited only once the day has dawned and it is bright enough to recognize a causal friend from a distance of four
amos. This time is commonly referred to as '
misheyakir.' The
poskim discuss exactly when in the morning this time falls. The choices range between six minutes after
alos to thirty minutes before sunrise. It is permissible to begin reciting
pesukei d'zimra before
misheyakir, starting as early as
alos. This is permitted only under extenuating circumstances, however, since one may not don his
tefillin (and, according to some, recite the
beracha on his
talis) prior to that time.
(
סעיף א, ס"ק א, וביה"ל ד"ה זמן; ביאורים ומוספים דרשו, 1)
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The latest time for reciting Shema
Ideally,
Shema should be recited before sunrise, but it may be recited until three "hours" into the day (1/4 of the day).
Kriyas Shema cannot be recited after this time. The length of a halachic hour varies with the changing of the seasons; it is reckoned by dividing the time from morning until night into twelve segments. The
poskim discuss whether the hours are reckoned from
alos until
tzeis (known as the Magen Avrohom's opinion) or from sunrise until sunset (known as the Gra and Ba'al Hatanya's opinion). The latest time for
kriyas Shema according to the Gra and Ba'al Hatanya falls after the latest time according to the Magen Avrohom. There is an opinion that holds like the Gra but recommends acting according to the Magen Avrohom's opinion so as to accept the yoke of Heaven in the most preferred way.
(
סעיף א וס"ק ג-ה; ביאורים ומוספים דרשו, 3-4)
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Davening close to sunrise
Ideally,
Shema and its accompanying
berachos should be recited just before sunrise and
Shemone Esrei should be recited at sunrise.
Davening in this manner is known as
vasikin.
The poskim debate whether the time of sunrise in this case is measured by the visible sunrise (i.e. once the sun clears obstructions and mountains) or whether it is the time of sunrise at sea level.
According to the Chazon Ish, it is not necessary to begin Shemone Esrei precisely at the strike of sunrise; the benefits of davening k'vasikin may be obtained even when starting a minute or so beforehand or afterwards.
(
סעיף א, ס"ק ז, וביה"ל ד"ה כמו; ביאורים ומוספים דרשו, 9)
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- According to one opinion, after the chazan says baruch Hashem hamevorach, etc., the congregation should answer Amen. Most poskim hold that it is unnecessary for people to respond Amen since they already recited that verse themselves.
- The tzibur should stand when the chazan says barechu and when they respond.
- According to some poskim, when responding to yehei sheme rabbah one should continue reciting the kaddish until the words da'amiran b'olma v'imru Amen. According to this opinion, it is also forbidden to pause between the words olmaya and yisbarach. A second opinion stops the response before the word yisbarach.
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- Reciting Shema after alos
- Donning tefillin after alos
- DaveningShacharis as early as possible
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PLEASE NOTE: The information in this email is for learning purposes only. Please review the Mishna Berura and Biurim U'Musafim before making a halachic decision. Hebrew words are occasionally transliterated to enable a smoother reading of the text. Common Ashkenazi pronunciation is generally used in these cases.
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